Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

You don’t need a doctoral degree in finance to calculate your portfolio’s investment returns. A few principles are enough to turn even the most math-phobic people into shrewd investors. While basic ...

Required rate of return (RRR) gives investors a benchmark to determine the minimum acceptable return on an investment considering the risk involved. By calculating RRR, investors can assess whether an ...

Excess return refers to the return on an investment that surpasses the return of a benchmark or a risk-free rate. It measures the performance of an investment in relation to its expected or required ...

Return on investment (ROI) is a metric used to understand the profitability of an investment. ROI compares how much you paid for an investment to how much you earned to evaluate its efficiency. Let’s ...

Calculate your profit or loss from a stock purchase, plus your return on investment. Many, or all, of the products featured on this page are from our advertising partners who compensate us when you ...